This article on Epainassist.com has been reviewed by a aesculapian professional , as well as checked for facts , to reassure the lector the best potential truth .
We postdate a strict editorial policy and we have a zero - tolerance insurance regarding any level of plagiarisation . Our articles are resourced from reputable online pages . This clause may contains scientific reference . The numbers in the digression ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) are clickable links to peer - go over scientific papers .
The feedback link “ Was this Article Helpful ” on this page can be used to account content that is not exact , up - to - date or questionable in any personal manner .
This article does not leave medical advice .
“ We dwell because we breathe , drink and eat . Something very all-important to lead our life history . ” Esophagus also known as the nutrient pipe is the pipe organ that connect our mouth ( throat ) with the venter . Once food for thought is swallow from throat ( mouth ) , the food glide by into esophagus . Esophageal condensation helps to carry masticated food to abdomen . Patient is often unable to buy the farm food from throat to stomach when patient is brook with esophageal defects . Narrowing , stenosis or complete encirclement of esophagus interferes or obstruct the passage of food towards stomach . Esophageal Atresia is realize in newborn and grownup when esophageal lm is finish block . The congenital Esophageal Atresia is present during parturition and medical condition is considered as a birth defect . The completely blocked or closed esophagus in new-sprung infants causes impediment to swallow Milk River or cushy solid food . Esophageal atresia or narrowing is because of constriction or closing of the esophageal lumen at some point along its length resulting in a partitioning of the connection between the mouth and the stomach .
What Is Esophageal Atresia?
So , as mentioned above , Esophageal Atresia ( EA ) is in reality a nascency blemish where the infant is ineffectual to lapse unsay food to the stomach . In such a condition the solid food pipage or the gorge does not connect the mouth with the tum . This is , in fact , a very rare congenital nativity blemish and only an approximate of 1 in 4000 babies stand from such a condition . In some typesetter’s case , esophageal atresia is also associated with Tracheoesophageal Fistula ( TEF ) . A new-sprung child may be bear with EA and TEF and both are congenital flaw . Tracheoesophageal Fistula ( TEF ) is a tubular channel or passage between the gullet and trachea . Tracheoesophageal fistula is a medical condition due to the esophagus or the food pipe wrongly plug into to the trachea or the trachea . The uninterrupted passage of small amounts of intellectual nourishment or gastric secernment from the esophagus into the trachea causes tracheal and bronchial excitement and pneumonia . The consideration is also known as intake pneumonia , which results in difficulty of external respiration . There are also some rare case where the babe may suffer from extra birth defect along with the Esophageal Atresia ( EA ) or the Tracheoesophageal Fistula ( TEF ) . The multiple organ defect are called the Vacterl . Vacterl is a medical condition associated with birth defects in the heart , kidney , anus , and limb . Let us take the topic into more of its depth in the follow paragraphs .
Classification and Types of Esophageal Atresia (EA) or Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
Birth defects such as EA / TEF are not detected during gestation and before the baby ’s birthing . intimate birth defects like EA and TEF can not be diagnosed with radiological orultrasoundstudy of uterus and fetus . The infant during Intra uterus spirit receives oxygen and nutrients from the blood . The oxygen and nutrients from the mother are exchanged with fetal blood in the placenta . The oxygen and nutrient are transfer from mother to fetus blood at blood capillary tubing of the placenta . During increment in the uterus , the foetus does not eat or breath thus nothing passes through the gorge to tum nor melodic phrase passes through the trachea . During the time of early fetal development , the two cannular bodily structure such as the gullet and the trachea spring up side by side from common stem cell . Eventually , the esophagus and ventilation passage are break and do not maintain any connexion below the pharynx . However rarely in a few cases , the connexion between the esophagus and trachea remain as a fistula or midget tubular connection . The connexion of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula is represent as five major malfunction configuration . These five type or configurations are as follows .
Symptoms of Esophageal Atresia/Tracheoesophageal Fistula:
Major symptoms of this birth defect are sum up as follows-
Non-Specific Symptoms of EA/TEF-
a. Symptoms of Atresia Resulting In Upper Esophageal Blind Pouch-
The following symptoms are celebrate when the upper one-half of the esophagus ends up in the blind pocket .
b. Symptoms of Atresia Associated With Tracheal Fistula Connected With Upper Esophageal Blind Pouch-
c. Symptoms of Atresia Associated With Upper Esophageal Blind Pouch and Fistula of Lower Esophageal Pouch –
Diagnosis of Esophageal Atresia (EA):
Examination of Esophageal Passage-
Radiological Study-
Electrocardiogram (EKG)-
Blood Examination-
Ultrasound Study-
Endoscopic Study-
Treatment of Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Esophageal atresia when associated with Tracheoesophageal fistula is usually a life imperil status seen with 1 in 4000 baby . The combined parturition defect of EA and TEF comprise difficulties in swallowing , digestions , breathing and thus may be highly dangerous , command an contiguous medical care and attention . The most important treatment for EA / TEF usually involves surgery . The operation usually can be done within 24 hours of the baby ’s parturition . However in case the baby has some other fault or infection along with esophageal atresia and may have some ramification , then the surgery may be delayed for 3 months of age .
The disease is managed with aesculapian treatment until baby is healthy enough to undergo surgery .
Medical Management of Esophageal Atresia-
Surgical Treatments For Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula:
The operating theatre is done under general anaesthesia .
Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia and the Foker’s Technique Treatment:
Foker operative treatment is used to treat foresighted gap Esophageal Atresia . The technique was developed by Dr. Foker and acknowledge as Foker ’s Technique.3Foker ’s technique is the most modern and effective course of treatment for foresighted interruption esophageal atresia . Published data hint a success rate is near 100 % . Foker ’s surgical techniques are as follows-
operative Outcome - Surgical death rate is high if EA and TEF is relate with heart mental defectiveness like ventricular septal defects.4
Complications or Risk Factors Involved With Foker’s Technique:
There are some of the complication involved in the technique . Let us take a flavour at them .
Bleeding - Surgery may cause bleeding and excessive going of blood ensue in genus Anemia . The intervention may require rip transfusion as well as re - exploration operating theater to stop bleeding .
Infection - Surgery may be followed by an transmission . The esophageal pocket and bronchitis may be a informant of infection .
Leakage - The capable end of the trachea and gullet after removal of the fistula may leak out in the mediastinum ( chest enclosed space ) . The escape may make contagion and severe pain in the ass .
extra Fistula Formation - Surgery may result in esophageal tissue paper injury and the constitution of a more esophageal fistulous withers . The operative incision and surgical domain around the sinus are extremely small because of the size of the baby . The surgical theater is often compromise by the use of surgical instruments and a dyad of operate handwriting . short eyeshot of the operative field may result in soft tissue price . The damaged delicate tissue once gets inflamed may ensue in fistula establishment .
References :
