This clause on Epainassist.com has been reviewed by a medical professional , as well as check for fact , to assure the readers the considerably potential accuracy .
We keep abreast a strict editorial insurance and we have a zero - tolerance policy regarding any level of plagiarism . Our articles are resourced from reputable online pages . This article may contains scientific reference . The numbers in the parentheses ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) are clickable links to peer - survey scientific paper .
The feedback link “ Was this clause Helpful ” on this page can be used to describe subject matter that is not precise , up - to - date or confutative in any manner .
This article does not provide medical advice .
Chromium Biochemistry In Brief:
The biologically active form of chromium is Cr(III ) . It was observed that crumb feed in on yeast could not process glucose , which was reversed by feeding chromium or Cr(III ) or atomic number 24 - rich food1and patients on draw out full parenteral sustenance ( TPN ) developed insulin electric resistance which was reversed by chromium2 . Diabetes affected role tend to be inferior in chromium story due to heighten excreting of chromium3 . take together these observations suggest a function for chromium in glucose metabolism .
Glucose tolerance constituent ( GTF ) is a complex of various molecules admit a 1500 Da atomic number 24 constipate peptide of genus Glycine , cysteine , glutamic and aspartic acid called depressed molecular weight Cr ( LMWCr ) binding heart . In plasma , transferrin play as a aircraft carrier for chromium . Upon bind transferrin receptor on cell aerofoil the chromium - beta globulin complex is endocytosed into low pH vesicles where Cr is released . The freed chromium is then stick by LMWCr4 , converting it to a holopeptide .
Chromium potentiates insulin sensitiveness and insulin - dependent signaling via two action : the holopeptide LMWCr is cogitate to stimulate tyrosine kinase activity of insulin- bound fighting insulin receptors , with downstream activating of insulin receptor kinase and enhanced insulin action5 . In addition , chromium inhibit phosphotyrosine phosphatase , which decreases insulin sensitivity6 . atomic number 24 may also stimulate insulin binding and internalization , increase insulin sensory receptor number , and beta - cell sensitivity7 .
atomic number 24 is focus in the spleen , kidney , liver and bone8 . atomic number 24 deficiency occurs in the older , as the power to absorb chromium is impaired9 . Chromium picolinate , a popular chromium source is reduced by ascorbates and thiols , with generation of reactive hydroxyl radicals that can rive cellular DNA10 .
Role And Benefits Of Chromium In Various Diseases
Efficacy Of Chromium In Controlling Diabetes:
There is sufficient grounds for some efficacy of chromium in ascertain diabetes . Low chromium levels often occur in patients with diabetes11 . Over 15 tryout have found that atomic number 24 or Cr(III ) reduces fasting blood glucose levels in patients with type I and II diabetes and improve insulin sensitivity in eccentric II patients.12
unwritten intake of Cr ( III ) decreases insulin point , and glycosylated Hb ( HbA1C ) . HbA 1c , plasma glucose ( fasting glucose , 2 - h glucose ) and insulin ( fasting and 2 - h insulin ) tier decrease in character II diabetes in a Formosan population upon chromium picolinate ( C-reactive protein ) treatment.13
Insulin sensitivity increase in 10 days upon C-reactive protein ( 200 ug / day ) treatment in another trial14 , while 10 month of C-reactive protein ( 500 ug / day ) treatment in 833 patient role improved glucose metabolism and alleviated diabetes symptoms15 . Two randomised trial administered 100 ug / Clarence Day chromium or Cr(III ) to patients- one field found a 70 % addition in insulin predisposition of individuals with first - level relative suffering diabetes.16The second field of study in case II diabetes patients showed that subjoining of atomic number 24 with sufonylurea increase glucose command and insulin sensitivity using the most authentic measure- the euglycemic - hyperinsulinemic clamp . diminish in gain of body free weight and visceral fat was noted17.Brewer ’s yeast and Cr chloride importantly reduced fast glucose ( and 2h glucose ) , and the call for dose need of antidiabetic drugs in a double - unsighted crossbreed over , randomized trial involve 78 type II diabetes patients.18Another such study in 43 diabetes patients return placebo and beer maker ’s yeast without GTF over 16 months , showed decrease in blood glucose and insulin levels.19
A trial of 188 type II diabetes patients treated with jiangtangkang ( which turn back chromium)20for 2 months , showed decrease in fasting and post - meal glucose , and HbA1c . append Cr(III ) with biotin lowered fast blood glucose and HbA1C levels in overweight or obese case II diabetes patients.21
Benefits Of Chromium In Decreasing Triglyceride, Serum Cholesterol And HbA1c Levels:
gamy doses of chromium can lessen triglyceride , serum cholesterin ( 10 % simplification ) and HbA1c levels , while increasing HDL ( 2 % increase ) in diabetic patients22 . This gist is also seen in non - diabetic individuals , and in the elderly23 , include those suffering low nutrition status . Glucose metamorphosis was also improved in women with gestational diabetes at 4 or 8 ug / kg CrP24 , and in steroid - induced diabetes ( steroid leads to chromium passing ) at 600 ug / day25 . A decrement in insulin and speed of light - peptide level was also reported in gestational diabetes .
What Does Chromium Content In Toenail Indicate?
In a large field , 33737 individuals were monitor for toenail cognitive content of chromium or Cr(III ) horizontal surface , with incidence of sum disease over 7 years and an inverse relationship was noted26 . Another study27compared atomic number 24 depicted object in toenail of 688 diabetic patients to 361 healthy individuals . The diabetic / healthy subject OR was 0.74 ( 95 % CI 0.49–1.11 ; P= 0.18 for course ) and diabetic with cardiovascular disease / sound OR was 0.45 ( 95 % CI 0.24–0.84 ; P= 0.003 for style ) . However there is no study on the upshot of chromium on cardiovascular disease , or any evidence that toenail chromium mental object think over body mental object of chromium .
Can Chromium Control Prediabetes?
Prediabetes ( Glucose intolerance ) and normal glucose leeway :
Most evidence suggest Cr is not in effect in controlling prediabetes . Among nine studies on glucose intolerance in prediabetics , only two studies by one group28reported important reduction in post - load glucose levels with Cr treatment . Glucose tolerance , triglyceride or cholesterin levels are not ameliorate in senior glucose intolerant patients29 . Fourteen studies show no effect of Cr on post - load glucose degree in subjects with normal glucose leeway .
Chromium And Lipid Metabolism:
In two studies , brewer ’s yeast increased HDL cholesterol importantly in patients with case 2 diabetes30.As already mentioned , gamy dose of chromium can lessen triglyceride and serum cholesterol by 10 % while increase HDL by 2%31 in diabetic patient role , and non - diabetic individuals sustain low nutrition condition . breathing in of chromium at 600 ug for 2 months increased HDL by 16 % in patient role on beta - blockers32 . Similarly an HDL increase of 21 % was seen in atherosclerosis patients treated with 250 ug chromium daily in 7 - 16 months33 . This effect is not seen in prediabetics or person with normal glucose leeway . In the latter study triglyceride levels were lower in handle affected role liken to placebo ( 1.68 + /- 0.11 vs 2.10 + /- 0.14 nmol / L).34
In a study of character II diabetes patient , supplementing 1000 ug / day Cr(III ) with sulfonylurea decreased gratuitous fatty battery-acid ( -0.2mmol / L vs. -0.12 mmol / L ) as liken to placebo with sulfonylurea . However , triglycerides show an diametric movement in this survey . No statistically significant change were seen in LDL cholesterol in any study35
Chromium For Weight Loss (Including Obesity), Fat Loss, And Lean Body Mass:
In a sketch of type II diabetes patients supplementing 1000 ug / day Cr(III ) with sulfonylurea ( n=17 ) lowered pace of fat accumulation ( 0.12 % vs 1.17 % ) , and gain in body weight ( 0.9 kilogram vs. 2.2 kilogram ) as well as fatty - loose body mass ( 1.07 vs. 0.68 ) as compare to placebo with sulfonylurea ( n=12 ) , over 6 months.36Chromium picolinate handling at 200 - 400 ug / day in combination with force training has been shown to get weight passing ( 1.1 - 1.2 kilogram over 10 - 13 weeks ) and fat loss , with addition in thin body hatful in some studies , even in the elderly , but the methodology used is questionable37 . Other study show no effect38 .
One discipline provides tentative welfare of atomic number 24 in preventing weighting gain upon cessation of cigarette smoking39 . Further study are involve to fix the effect of chromium on weightiness going and gain of thin muscle mass40 .
Effects Of Chromium Picolinate In Treating Atypical Depression:
A small double - blind field in affected role ( n=15 ) suffer atypical Great Depression found antidepressant activity of atomic number 24 picolinate in 70 % patients , while placebo had no effect , over an 8 week treatment period . It is speculated that chromium picolinate may downregulate 5HT2A , or increase insulin sensitiveness , resulting in antidepressant effects41 . A randomise , double - unreasoning , multicenter study in patients with atypical impression ( n=113 ) receiving 600 ug / twenty-four hours chromium picolinate or placebo read betterment in sugar craving and appetite ordinance upon chromium intervention . It is evoke that studies with larger dose of Cr may touch mood42 .
Effectiveness Of Chromium Picolinate In Treating Dysthymia/Mild Depression:
There is provisional evidence that chromium picolinate or polynicotinate at 200 ug-400 ug / day may represent as antidepressant drug . Only 5 patient were try out who were partial respondent to psychiatric drugs nortrityline or sertraline43 .
Effectiveness Of Chromium In Treating Hypoglycemia:
200 ug atomic number 24 chloride treatment over 3 month alleviated hypoglycaemia and increased serum glucose degree post - glucose consignment in hypoglycemic patients ( n=8 ) in a double crosswalk study , with increase in insulin book binding and insulin receptor number44 . Chromium salts protect against intellectual harm and induce positive feedback of cerebral tissue paper triggered by hypoglycemic harm . atomic number 24 look to tone transcription factors , neuroplasticity markers and glucose transporters45 . However it should be noted that a example has been reported where hypoglycaemia happen upon fasting and insulin suppression which was reversed by crawfish chromium supplements46 .
Effectiveness Of Chromium In Treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS):
Insulin resistance is commonly associated with PCOS . Insulin resistant women with PCOS have significantly increased fasting insulin and decreased blood serum levels of chromium47 . Obese woman with PCOS were treated with Cr picolinate 1000 ug / day with 38 % betterment in glucose disposal charge per unit , using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clinch technique suggest improved insulin sensitivity48 .
Benefits Of Chromium In Treating Turner’s Syndrome:
Turner ’s syndrome is a genetical upset with in high spirits relative incidence of diabetes . Patients endure this syndrome ( n=14 ) dose with 30 gravitational constant brewer ’s yeast ( 50 ug of atomic number 24 ) day by day for 8 weeks showed improved glucose tolerance . In three patients with high-pitched cholesterin , a reduction in cholesterol and/or triglyceride point with an increase in high - density lipoprotein cholesterin was noted49 .
credit :
1 ( Schwarz , K. & Mertz , W. ( 1959 ) Chromium(III ) and glucose tolerance component . Arch . Biochem . Biophys . 85 : 292–295 . ; Mertz , W. , Roginski , E. E. & Schwarz , K. ( 1961 ) essence of trivalent Cr on glucose uptake by epididymal rich tissue paper of scum bag . J. Biol . Chem . 236:318–322 . ) ,
2 ( Freund H , Atamian S , Fischer JE . Chromium inadequacy during total parenteral nutrition . JAMA 1979;241:496 - 8 ; Jeejeebhoy KN . Chromium and parenteral nutrition . J Trace Elem Exp Med 1999;12:85–9 . )
3 ( Morris BW , Kemp GJ , Hardisty CA . Plasma Cr and atomic number 24 excreta in diabetes . Clin Chem 1985;31:334 - 5 )
4 ( Vincent JB : Elucidating a biological role for atomic number 24 at a molecular level . Acc Chem Res 33:503–510 , 2000 ; Clodfelder BJ , Emamaullee J , HepburnDD , Chakov NE , Nettles HS , Vincent JB : The lead of Cr ( III ) in vivo from the blood to the urine : the roles of trans - ferrin and chromodulin . J Biol Inorg Chem 6:608–617 , 2001 )
5 ( Vincent JB : shed light on a biologic role for atomic number 24 at a molecular stage . Acc Chem Res 33:503–510 , 2000 ; Vincent JB : The biochemistry of chromium . J Nutr 130:715–718 , 2000 ; Vincent JB : Mechanisms of chromium activeness : low - molecular - weight chromium - binding substance . J Am Coll Nutr 18:6–12 , 1999 )
6 ( Davis CM , Sumrall KH , Vincent JB : A biologically active grade of chromium may activate a membrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase ( PTP ) . Biochemistry 35 : 12963–12969 , 1996 )
7 ( Anderson RA : Nutritional factors influencing the glucose / insulin system : chromium . J Am Coll Nutr 16:404–410 , 1997 )
8 ( PDRhealth : Chromium [ net ] . useable from http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/chr_0073.shtml . access 3 February 2004 )
9 ( Ding W , Chai Z , Duan P , Feng W , Qian Q : Serum and urine chromium concentrations in senior diabetics . Biol Trace Elem Res 63:231–237 , 1998 ; Davies S , McLaren Howard J , Hunnisett A , Howard M : Age - associate decreases in chromium levels in 51,665 hair , sweat , and serum sampling from 40,872 patients : implications for the bar of cardiovascular disease and case II diabetes mellitus . Metabolism 46:469–473 , 1997 )
10 ( Speetjens , J. K. , Collins , R. A. , Vincent , J. B. & Woski , S. A. ( 1999 ) . The nutritional addendum chromium(III ) tris(picolinate ) cleaves DNA . Chem . Res . Toxicol . 12 : 483–487 . )
11 ( Morris BW , Kemp GJ , Hardisty CA . Plasma Cr and Cr excretion in diabetes . Clin Chem 1985;31:334 - 5 )
12 ( Mertz W. Chromium in human nutrition : a followup . J Nutr 1993;123:626 - 33 . ; Anderson RA , Cheng N , Bryden NA , et al . Elevated aspiration of supplemental atomic number 24 improve glucose and insulin variable star in someone with case 2 diabetes . Diabetes 1997;46:1786 - 91 . ; Martin J , Wang ZQ , Zhang XH , et al . Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates consistence weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care 2006;29:1826 - 32 ; Albarracin C , Fuqua B , Evans JL , Goldfine ID . Chromium picolinate and vitamin H compounding amend glucose metabolism in treat , uncontrolled adiposis to obese patients with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008;24:41 - 51 ; Geohas J , Finch M , Juturu V , et al . Improvement in fast Blood Glucose with the Combination of Chromium Picolinate and Biotin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus . American Diabetes Association 64th Annual Meeting , June 2004 , Orlando , Florida , abstractionist 191 - OR ; Althius MD , Jordon NE , Ludington EA , Wittes JT . Glucose and insulin answer to dietary chromium supplements : a meta - analysis . Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:148 - 55 . ; Balk , E. M. ; Tatsioni , A. ; Lichtenstein , A. H. ; Lau , J. ; Pittas , A. G. ( 2007 ) . Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids : A systematic review of randomize hold in trials . Diabetes Care 30 ( 8) : 2154–2163 ; Rabinovitz H , Friedensohn A , Leibovitz A , et al . Effect of atomic number 24 supplementation on roue glucose and lipide levels in character 2 diabetes mellitus elderly patients . Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2004;74:178 - 82 ; Liu VJ , Abernathy RP . Chromium and insulin in untried subjects with normal glucose tolerance . Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:661 - 7 ; Cefalu WT , Hu FB . ( 2004 ) Role of Cr in human wellness and in diabetes . Diabetes Care 27:2741 - 51 . )
13 ( Anderson RA , Cheng N , Bryden NA , Polansky MM , Cheng N , Chi J , Feng J : idealistic intakes of supplementary chromium meliorate glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes 46:1786–1791 , 1997 ; Anderson RA . Chromium , glucose tolerance , and diabetes . Biological Trace Element Research 1992;32:19 - 24 . )
14 ( Ravina A , Slezak L , Rubal A , Mirsky N : Clinical use of the vestige component chromium ( III ) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus . J Trace Elem Exp Med 8 : 183–190 , 1995 )
16 ( Cefalu WT , Bell - Farrow AD , Stegner J , Wang ZQ , King T , Morgan T , Terry JG : Effect of chromium picolinate on insulin sensitiveness in vivo . J Trace Elem Exp Med 12:71–83 , 1999 )
17 ( Martin J , Wang ZQ , Zhang XH , et al . Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care 2006;29:1826 - 32 . )
18 ( Bahijri SM , Mufti AM : Beneficial effect of atomic number 24 in mass with type 2 diabetes , and urinary chromium reaction to glucose lading as a potential indicator of status . Biol Trace Elem Res 85:97–109 , 2002 ; Bahijri SM , Mira SA , Mufti AM , Ajabnoor MA : The effects of inorganic chromium and beer maker ’s barm subjoining on glucose permissiveness , blood serum lipoid and drug dosage in person with type 2 diabetes . Saudi Med J 21:831–837 , 2000 )
19 ( Rabinowitz MB , Gonick HC , Levin SR , Davidson MB : Effects of chromium and barm supplements on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic men . Diabetes Care 6:319–327 , 1983 )
20 ( Chen SH , Sun YP , Chen XS : Effect of jiangtangkang on blood glucose , sensitivity of insulin and blood viscousness in non - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [ in Chinese ] . Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 17:666–668 , 1997 )
21 ( Albarracin C , Fuqua B , Evans JL , Goldfine ID . Chromium picolinate and vitamin H combining improves glucose metamorphosis in treated , uncontrolled corpulence to obese patients with case 2 diabetes . Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008;24:41 - 51 ; Singer GM , Geohas J. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus : a placebo - controlled , doubly - blinded , randomize visitation . Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8:636 - 43 ; McCarty MF , Med Hypotheses . 2000 May;54(5):786 - 93.Toward practical prevention of type 2 diabetes . )
22 ( Lee NA , Reasner CA . Beneficial effect of Chromium subjoining on serum triglyceride levels in NIDDM . Diabetes Care 1994;17:1449 - 52 . ; Anderson RA , Cheng N , Bryden NA , et al . Elevated inhalation of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in mortal with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes 1997;46:1786 - 91 ; Rabinovitz H , Friedensohn A , Leibovitz A , et al . Effect of chromium subjoining on blood glucose and lipide levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus elderly patients . Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2004;74:178 - 82 ; Abraham AS , Brooks BA , Eylath U. The effects of chromium subjunction on blood serum glucose and lipide in patient with and without non - insulin dependent diabetes . Metabolism 1992;41:768 - 71 . )
23 ( Press RI , Geller J , Evans GW . The effect of Chromium picolinate on serum cholesterin and apolipoprotein fraction in human subjects . Western J Med 1993;152:41 - 5 . ; Lefavi RG , Wilson GD , Keith RE , Anderson RA , Blessing DL , Hames CG , et al . lipoid - lowering effect of a dietary Chromium ( III ) Nicotinic Acid building complex in manlike athletes . Nutr Res 1993;13:239 - 49 ; Offenbach E , Pistunyer F. good result of atomic number 24 - rich yeast on glucose tolerance and blood lipids in aged patient . Diabetes 1980;29:919 - 25 ; Wang MM , Fox EA , Stoecker BJ , Menendez CE , Chan SB . Serum cholesterol of adults supplemented with brewer ’s barm or Chromium Chloride . Nutr Res 1989;9:989 - 98 . )
24 ( Jovanovic L , Gutierrez M , Peterson CM : Chromium supplement for woman with gestational diabetes mellitus . J Trace Elem Exp Med 12:91–97 , 1999 )
25 ( Ravina A , Slezak L , Mirsky N , Bryden NA , Anderson RA : Reversal of corticosteroid - induce diabetes mellitus with supplementary chromium . Diabet Med 16:164–167 , 1999 )
26 ( Rimm EB , Guallar E , Giovannucci E , Ascherio A , Stampfer MJ , Willet WC , Hu F : Toenail chromium levels and risk of coronary heart disease among normal and overweight men . Presented at the American Heart Association 42nd Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease , Epidemiology and Prevention , 23–26 April , 2002 , Honolulu , Hawaii )
27 ( Rajpathak S , Rimm EB , Li T , et al . dispirited toenail chromium in men with diabetes and cardiovascular disease compared with healthy man . Diabetes Care 2004;27:2211 - 6 )
28 ( Anderson RA , Polansky MM , Bryden NA , Roginski EE , Mertz W , Glinsmann W : Chromium subjunction of human matter : effect on glucose , insulin , and lipid variables . Metabolism 32:894–899,1983 ; Anderson RA , Polansky MM , Bryden NA , Canary JJ : Supplemental - chromium consequence on glucose , insulin , glucagon , and urinary chromium loss in subjects devour controlled modest - chromium diets . Am J Clin Nutr 54:909–916 , 1991 )
29 ( Uusitupa MI , Mykkanen L , Siitonen O , et al . Chromium supplementation in spoil glucose tolerance of older : effects on blood glucose , plasm insulin , cytosine - peptide and lipid grade . Br J Nutr 1992;68:209 - 16 )
30 ( Grant AP , McMullen JK : The effect of brewer ’s yeast containing glucose margin constituent on the response to intervention in eccentric 2 diabetics : a unforesightful control study . Ulster Med J 51:110–114 , 1982 ; Bahijiri SM , Mira SA , Mufti AM , Ajabnoor MA : The outcome of inorganic atomic number 24 and brewer ’s barm supplementation on glucose permissiveness , serum lipide and drug dose in soul with case 2 diabetes . Saudi-Arabian Med J 21:831–837 , 2000 )
31 ( Lee NA , Reasner CA . good effect of Chromium supplementation on serum triglyceride degree in NIDDM . Diabetes Care 1994;17:1449 - 52 . ; Anderson RA , Cheng N , Bryden NA , et al . Elevated intakes of supplemental Cr improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes 1997;46:1786 - 91 ; Rabinovitz H , Friedensohn A , Leibovitz A , et al . Effect of chromium supplementation on blood glucose and lipoid level in character 2 diabetes mellitus elderly patients . Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2004;74:178 - 82 ; Abraham AS , Brooks BA , Eylath U. The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non - insulin dependant diabetes . Metabolism 1992;41:768 - 71 . )
32 ( Roeback JR , Hla KM , Chambless LE , Fletcher RH . Effects of Chromium supplementation on serum high - density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in man get hold of genus Beta - blocker . Annals Int Med 1991;115:917 - 24 . )
33 ( Abraham AS , Brooks BA , Eylath U. The essence of chromium supplementation on blood serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non - insulin dependent diabetes . Metabolism 1992;41:768 - 71 . )
34 ( Abraham AS , Brooks BA , Eylath U. The effect of chromium subjunction on blood serum glucose and lipoid in patients with and without non - insulin drug-addicted diabetes . Metabolism 1992;41:768 - 71 . )
35 ( Martin J , Wang ZQ , Zhang XH , et al . ( 2006 ) Chromium picolinate subjunction attenuate body weightiness increase and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with character 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care 29:1826 - 32 ) .
36 ( Martin J , Wang ZQ , Zhang XH , et al . ( 2006 ) Cr picolinate supplementation attenuate body exercising weight profit and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with eccentric 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care 29:1826 - 32 ) .
37 ( Kaats GR , Blum K , Fisher JA , Adelman JA . Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition : a randomize , dual - masked , placebo - control study . Curr Ther Res 1996;57:747 - 56 ; Gilbert R. Kaats , Kenneth Blum , Dennis Pullin , Samuel C. Keith and Robert Wood . “ A randomize , double - cloak , placebo - ensure study of the effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition : a replication and university extension of a previous study , ” Current Therapeutic Research 59(6):379 - 388 , 1998 . ; Martin J , Wang ZQ , Zhang XH , et al . ( 2006 ) Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensibility in subject with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care 29:1826 - 32 ; Pittler MH , Stevinson C , Ernst E. Chromium picolinate for reducing body system of weights : meta - depth psychology of randomised trials . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:522 - 9 ; )
38 ( Hallmark MA , Reynolds TH , DeSouza CA , et al . Effects of chromium and resistive training on muscleman specialty and dead body composition . Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:139 - 44 . ; Lukaski HC , Bolonchuk WW , Siders WA , Milne DB . atomic number 24 supplementation and underground training : effects on body composition , strength , and decipher element condition of men . Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:954 - 65 . Trento LK , Thieding - Cancel D. Effects of chromium picolinate on consistence composition . J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1995;35:273 - 80 ; Vincent JB . The potential note value and toxicity of Cr picolinate as a nutritional supplement , weight exit broker and muscle growing agentive role . Sports Med . 2003 , 33:213 - 230 ; Jenkinson DM , Harbert AJ . Supplements and mutation . Am Fam Physician . 2008;78(9):1039 - 1046 ; Kleefstra N , Houweling ST , Bakker SJ , et al . Chromium treatment has no impression in patient with type 2 diabetes in a westerly universe : a randomized , dual - blind , placebo - controlled test . Diabetes Care . 2007;30(5):1092 - 1096 . )
39 ( Drug Alcohol Depend . 2009 Jun 1;102(1 - 3):116 - 22 . A proof of concept randomised placebo controlled factorial test to analyze the efficaciousness of St John ’s wort for smoking surcease and Cr to forbid weight gain on smoking surcease . Parsons A , Ingram J , Inglis J , Aveyard P , Johnstone E , Brown K , Franklin M , Bermudez I. )
40 ( Fisher J. The Chromium Program . New York , NY : Harper and Row ; 1990 . ; McCarthy MG . Hypothesis : Sensitization of insulin - dependent hypothalamic glucoreceptors may account for the fat - reducing effects of Chromium Picolinate . J Optimal Nutr 1993;21:36 - 53 . ; Evans GW , Pouchnik DJ . makeup and biologic action of chromium - pyridine carbosylate complex . J Inorgranic Biochemistry 1993;49:177 - 87 . ; Katts GR , Ficher JA , Blum K. The effect of Chromium Picolinate supplement on body composition in different geezerhood groups . Age 1991;14(4):138 ( Abstract # 40 ) )
41 ( Davidson JR , Abraham K , Connor KM , McLeod MN . potency of Cr in atypical depressive disorder : a placebo - control trial . Biol Psychiatry . 2003 Feb 1;53(3):261 - 4 . ) .
42 ( Docherty JP , Sack DA , Roffman M , Finch M , Komorowski JR . A forked - blind , placebo - control , exploratory trial of atomic number 24 picolinate in atypical depression : effect on saccharide craving . J Psychiatr Pract . 2005 Sep;11(5):302 - 14 . )
43 ( McLeod MN , Gaynes BN , Golden RN . atomic number 24 potentiation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for dysthymic upset in 5 patients . J Clin Psychiatry . 1999 Apr;60(4):237 - 40 . )
44 ( Anderson RA , Polansky MM , Bryden NA , Bhathena SJ , Canary JJ . Effects of supplemental chromium on patient with symptom of reactive hypoglycaemia . Metabolism . 1987 Apr;36(4):351 - 5 . )
45 ( Sahin K , Tuzcu M , Orhan C , Ali S , Sahin N , Gencoglu H , Ozkan Y , Hayirli A , Gozel N , Komorowski JR.Chromium modulates formulation of neural plasticity markers and glial fibrillary acidic protein in hypoglycemia - rush brain trauma . Life Sci . 2013 Dec 18;93(25 - 26):1039 - 48 . )
46 ( Shabana Valiji Bharmal , Veronica Moyes , Sahid Ahmed , Ashley Grossman . Hypoglycaemia : potential intermediation by Cr salt medication . HORMONES 2010 , 9(2):181 - 183 )
47 ( Chakraborty P , Ghosh S , Goswami SK , Kabir SN , Chakravarty B , Jana K.Altered touch mineral milieu might play an aetiological role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome . Biol Trace Elem Res . 2013 Apr;152(1):9 - 15 . doi : 10.1007 / s12011 - 012 - 9592 - 5 . Epub 2013 Jan 16 . )
48 ( Lydic ML , McNurlan M , Bembo S , Mitchell L , Komaroff E , Gelato M. Chromium picolinate better insulin predisposition in obese field with polycystic ovary syndrome . Fertil Steril . 2006 Jul;86(1):243 - 6 . Epub 2006 May 30 . )
49 ( Saner G , Yüzbaşiyan V , Neyzi O , Günöz H , Saka N , Ciğdem S. Alterations of Cr metabolism and result of chromium subjoining in Turner ’s syndrome affected role . Am J Clin Nutr . 1983 Oct;38(4):574 - 8) . )
