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The olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare malignant tumor originating from electric cell of the neural crest and the development of the olfactory epithelial tissue of the nasal cavity .

Presumably , the neoplasm originate from the basal cell of the olfactory epithelium . On histological exam , the tumor is similar to uniform small cell carcinoma , which may run to cases of incorrect diagnosis .

How Does Olfactory Neuroblastoma Affect The Body?

Neuroblastomas account for 2 - 3 % of all malignant neoplasm of the pinched cavity and about 0.3 % of all malignant neoplasm of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts . The etiology is unknown . The olfactory neuroblastoma is qualify by aggressive growth ; it often grows in the paranasal sinus , cranial pit , and the orbit.(1 )

Characteristics Of Olfactory Neuroblastoma Tumor

Sometimes a neoplasm can be multi - focal when one wound is located above the ethmoid plate , and the second below it , while even during microscopic analysis it is not possible to detect the connection between the two sites .

fix of neuroblastoma at the level of the upper part of the nasal cavity and the bottom of the prior cranial Cryptoprocta ferox explain the early involvement of the sieve plate with sprouting in the cranial dental caries . Sometimes metastases are found in the lymph nodes of the neck . Dr. can fulfil them both at the initial treatment of the patient , and many yr later on , after the intervention .

According to various reports , the frequency of metastasis in the lymph nodes varies from 10 to 33 % and remote metastases come about in 10 - 40 % of cases . Most often , the lungs , brain , and bones are affected . The overall 5- and 10 - yr survival is normally higher than with other tumors of the upper parts of the nasal pit , and is 80 % and 50 % , severally . Regular endoscopic and MR monitoring of tumor growth is necessary since relapses and remote metastases can occur even 10 class after the onset of treatment.(2 )

What Triggers Olfactory Neuroblastoma?

The mechanism of neuroblastoma is not yet light . It is known that a tumour develops from embryonal neuroblast , which at the time of the birth of the baby were not ripe to spunk cells . The mien of embryologic neuroblast in a newborn or young child does not necessarily go to the constitution of neuroblastoma – small region of such cells are often detected in children under the age of 3 months . Subsequently , embryonic neuroblast can transform into fledged tissue or continue to divide and give rise to neuroblastoma .

A pathognomonic genetic flaw in neuroblastoma is the departure of a portion of the short arm of the first chromosome . In a third of patients in the tumor cells , the expression or gain of the N - myc oncogene is observe ; such grammatical case are view prognostically unfavourable due to the rapid spread head of the disease and the resistance of neoplasia tochemotherapy .

Microscopy of neuroblastoma reveals round little cells with dark - spot nuclei . The presence of centering of calcification and hemorrhage in the tumor tissue paper is characteristic of these tumor cells.(3 )

Neuroblastoma Classification

There are several classifications of neuroblastomas , tailored to the size and preponderance of the neoplasm . A unwashed classification is :

phase I – a single node is notice with a size of not more than 5 atomic number 96 . There are no lymphomatous and hematogenous metastasis .

point II – a single neoplasm is mold from 5 to 10 cm in size . There are no sign of damage to the lymph nodes and remote organ .

stagecoach III – a tumour is detected with a diameter of less than 10 cm with the participation of regional lymph nodes but without harm to remote organs or a neoplasm with a diameter of more than 10 cm without harm to lymph node and distant harmonium .

Stage IVA – neoplasia of any sizing with remote metastasis is determined . It is not possible to assess the interest of lymph nodes .

Stage IVB – multiple tumor with synchronous ontogeny are detected . The presence or absence of metastasis in the lymph nodes and remote organs can not be established.(3 )

Surgery For Olfactory Neuroblastoma

The recommended treatment method is operative . Depending on the location of the tumor and the experience of the operating surgeon , endoscopic endonasal admission , sidelong rhinotomy , craniofacial resection , a combining of endoscopic access with anterior craniotomy can be used.(1)(4 )

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