Glaucoma refers to multifactorial optical neuropathies , which cause thoroughgoing departure of vision in individuals . The abnormal growth in intraocular pressure is the common grounds for the onset of the disease and blindness in an individual . The only option to prevent the progression of the glaucoma disease is to decrease the intraocular press . At present , a wide-cut range of drugs is uncommitted for glaucomas , such as prostaglandin analogues , carbonic anhydrase inhibitor , genus Beta - receptor opposer , sympathomimetic agonists , and parasympathomimetics . These anti - glaucoma drugs are used effectively in controlling eye pressure instead of surgery .
What Eye Drops Are Prescribed for Glaucoma?
Prostaglandins Analogues : Prostaglandins analog are considered as first - choice antiglaucoma medications . It works by binding with sensory receptor prostaglandins F and have a relaxation behavior in the privileged eye musculus , this make the uveoscleral fluid to flux better , thus results in a decrement of intraocular imperativeness . Bimatoprost , latanoprost , tafluprost , and travoprost are some of the anti - glaucoma drugs uncommitted which give up intraocular insistency to spend 20 to 35 % . All prostaglandin analogues are commonly well tolerated with no general side effects . They are essential once in a day and hence among other optic drops , prostaglandins have the beneficial drug user complaisance . However , some local common side effects involved with the use of prostaglandins such as burning , conjunctival hyperemia , stinging , eyelash alteration , increased periocular skin pigmentation , and increased iris pigmentation .
Example for approve antiglaucoma prostaglandins – Xalatan ( Pfizer ) , Lumigan ( Allergan ) , Travatan Z ( Alcon ) and Rescula ( Novartis ) .
genus Beta - receptor Antagonists : It sour by understate the form of aqueous humour in the ciliary by slim the intracellular cAMP assiduousness . The potential of the intraocular atmospheric pressure boil down property has been defined to be between 20 % and 25 % from the initial values . For years , timolol is the most frequently used drugs followed by betaxolol , carteolol , metipranolol , and levobutaxolol . genus Beta - sensory receptor antagonists have potent neuroprotective effect and improve the pulmonary and cardiovascular hazard profile .
Example for sanction antiglaucoma Beta - receptor antagonists : Timoptic XE ( Merck ) , Istalol ( ISTA ) and Betoptic S ( Alcon ) .
Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitor : It works by reducing the constitution of sedimentary humor . It is a potential intraocular pressure reduce antiglaucoma drug with an efficaciousness of between 15 % and 20 % of the initial value . Brinzolamide and dorzolamide are presently wide used to drop center pressure . However , these inhibitors are sulfonamides chemical and distinctive charge is must as it make serious supersensitised reactions in individuals . Sometimes , it can manifest to urticaria , angioedema , or pruritus and also make side effects like combustion , stinging , acerbic taste , superficial punctuate keratitis , blurred visual sensation , tear , cephalalgia , dizziness , paraesthesia , and fugacious myopia .
Example for approve carbonic anhydrase inhibitors : Trusopt ( Merck ) and Azopt ( Alcon ) .
Adrenergic Agonists : It stimulates the natural process of alpha-2 receptor , which make vasoconstriction in the ciliate body connected with a simplification in aqueous humor formation . The consequence is lost within a discussion period of 1 month . After that point , the event of brimonidine on uveoscleral outflow predominate , increasing outflow by contraction of the ciliary muscle . The intraocular pressure turn down probability of brimonidine is approximately 20 % to 25 % from service line . sympathomimetic agonist seem to have neuroprotective prop may be have by an upregulation of neurotrophic factors .
object lesson for approved anti - glaucoma adrenergic agonists : Iopidine ( Alcon ) , Alphagan ( Allergan ) . and Alphagan - P ( Allergan ) .
Parasympathomimetics : It encourage the condensation of fluent muscle cells in the cilial body , which cause a rise in aqueous body fluid discharge . The increase in the drain of the fluids is because of the wide opening night of trabecular meshwork and Schlemm ’s epithelial duct . Pilocarpine is the well - known FDA accept drug candidate of this parasympathomimetics group of antiglaucoma drugs with an intraocular atmospheric pressure bring down capableness of 20 % to 25 % . Reported side effects are abdominal spasms , bronchospasm , retinal detachment , ciliary spasm , increased pupillary block , and several other topical symptom .
Example for sanction antiglaucoma parasympathomimetics : pilocarpine , carbachol , echothiophate , and demecarium .
Anti - glaucoma drug also useable in form of combination eye drops because some patient necessitate more than one type of prescription to control intraocular pressure .
Hence , “ compounding ” eye drops which have the burden of two dissimilar anti - glaucoma drugs .
Examples of FDA - sanction “ compounding ” drugs : Cosopt ( Merck ) , Combigan ( Allergan ) and DuoTrav ( Alcon ) .
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