About Moebius Syndrome.
Moebius syndrome is a neurologic disorder which was found out by a German brain doctor , Paul Julius Moebius , and is thus named as ‘ Moebius syndrome ’ . While the exact cause is not known , it is believed that this condition can be due to intake of a drug . This article discuss about which drug can cause Moebius syndrome and if there is any remedy for it .
multitude suffering from Moebius syndrome can be identified by their external appearance of the face and limbs . The principal features of the patient with Moebius syndrome are , micrognathia ( reduced sizing of chin ) , microstomia ( little mouth),cleft palate(the roof of mouth and rim is split ) , abnormalities in the teeth , abnormalities in the eye ( including difficulty in closing the eyelids , strabismus , unable to make center contact ) , irregularity in the ivory and the infants with Moebius syndrome show wearisome motor skills .
Though the exact intellect for Moebius syndrome is yet to be known , there have been attempts to find out the causes . Some records show that genic and environmental factors dally a major persona in causing this syndrome . Some researches show that Moebius syndrome might also have been due to usance of some drugs during pregnancy peculiarly in former period of maternity say at 6 to 8 hebdomad .
Which Drug Can Cause Moebius Syndrome?
It is believed that some drug can cause Moebius syndrome . If a pregnant fair sex of 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy takescocaine , ergot compounds , misoprostol and/or thalidomide ; it is found that the child , if survives , would get congenital disease . The phenomenon of get congenital diseases including mental and physical retardent , sometimes with or without malformations of the social structure is visit teratogenicity . One such congenital disease is Moebius syndrome . So , which drug can cause Moebius syndrome ? We shall study the usage and adverse effects of amiss custom of these drugs one by one .
Cocaine Being a Cause of Moebius Syndrome.
Cocaine is an organic chemical compound called Benzoylmethylecgonine It is a crystalline gunpowder , with snowy colour and a explosive substance with low melting point . cocain is soluble in body of water . It can be found in two form , one is virginal form and another cocain hydrochloride . It is mostly used as a free base by removing hydrochloride salt and thus becomes a water insoluble content . Cocaine is prepared from a plant call coca . The aborigine of this plant is South America . Some of the other names of cocaine are blow , coke crack , rock candy , snow , etc . As cocain can be a drug the can cause Moebius syndrome , it is necessary to analyse its consequence on human organic structure .
Cocaine is found to step in with the process of rewarding of some neurotransmitters like dopamine . This results in accrual of neurotransmitters in the genius and the person feels high in an unnatural path . This also inhibits further intake of neurotransmitters particularly dopamine . Thus , the someone who utilise it becomes addicted . Cocaine stimulates the flighty scheme and is a psychoactive drug . Usage of this drug for diversion purpose is considered as drug ill-usage as it causes addiction .
The euphoric essence of cocaine are a feel of highness , high muscularity , fatigue is reduce , mental alertness is increased and because of this the mistreated person has expiration of sleep . The soul become too bigmouthed on usage , do not find hungry and behave like an extrovert because of elevated mood .
The manner in which cocaine drug can make Moebius syndrome bear on to the path in which it affects during pregnancy and the child in the womb . The multiple ways in which the foetus or the babe can be affected if the female parent maltreat cocaine are .
In blood plasma there are some type pf esterase call serum cholinesterase which can put down the cocaine . Instead , the cocaine lose weight the quantity of blood serum cholinesterase and crack its function thereby induce the follow problems on the cleaning woman ; severance of tissue layer in the early stage itself , before the obstetrical delivery , the placenta gets separated from the wall of womb , spontaneous bleeding with abortion , hemicrania , raptus , hypertension which stimulate body process of womb , birth of premature baby , either the woman suffers from spontaneous abortion and/or the delivery becomes difficult .
On the other hand , though the health and birth of the child reckon on several constituent like socioeconomic experimental condition , environment , lifestyle , maternal stress and tension ; usage of cocaine during maternity plays a major role in deciding the condition of the baby . It is find to cause many congenital disease in the foetus including Moebius syndrome . The presence of cocaine in the significant charwoman ’s soundbox restricts the roue circulation to the fetus which affects the development of different organs of the body of fetus . Most touched parts due to the presence of cocaine in mother ’s torso are brain ( make microcephaly ) , intestine , kidneys and heart and soul . Many children might also have cleft lip with cleft palate , polydactyly , etc .
Cocaine is a teratogenic message which causes impairments in neurons of the unborn baby and also of the infants . Usage of cocain by pregnant cleaning lady inhibits the bodily function of neurotransmitter which is creditworthy for tending and visual memory , thus causingmemory loss , want of attention , reduction in noetic capacity . The children of mother who used cocain in gestation show less reaction to the external stimuli .
Using cocaine in pregnancy checks the natural action of a protein responsible for cellular phone division call cyclin A which in crook reduces the evolution of neurons and brain of fetus . Malnutrition is another hindrance for the normal development of foetus causing humbled birth weight of baby in fair sex who remove cocain in pregnancy .
Ergot Drug and its Contribution Towards the Occurrence of Moebius Syndrome.
Ergot belongs to a group of fungus kingdom which grows ordinarily on rye . It contains body of water soluble alkaloid of ergometrine group and water system indissoluble of ergotamine grouping chemical compound . It causes ergotism in homo , an unhealthful condition which is symptomized by cramp , paresthesia , itching , nausea , headaches , gangrene , etc . Ergot too is a drug that can induce Moebius syndrome and its usage and effects are as come after .
Medical Use of Claviceps purpurea derivatives . Generally , Claviceps purpurea derivative in the form of dihydroergotamine and ergotamine were used to address throbbing cephalalgia such as migraine . The combining of it and caffein is found to relieve these headaches , help in liberalization and ripe sleep .
outcome of Ergot Derivatives on Pregnant Women and her baby do Moebius Syndrome . Though there is not much research on improving health condition in problems related to menstruation and menopause , some women used to take this as music to minimize bleeding during the above mentioned situations . Ergot drug are found to slenderize bleeding by constricting blood vessels . It was also used to thin out hemorrhage before and after miscarriage . In cases where the expulsion of placenta was found unmanageable , this ergot drug was used to alleviate easy ejection . It is an unsafe drug . The tortuousness of using this drug include weakness , muscle botheration , nausea and/or vomiting , unconsciousness , spasms , variation in heartbeat , genial confusion and last end . custom of Claviceps purpurea drug is not safe ; it causes many serious and harmful effects on fraught women who go through it and even on the unborn child . There are chances of natural event of Moebius syndrome to the children of woman who are handle with ergot derived function during pregnancy .
Misoprostol and Moebius Syndrome.
Chemical name of misoprostol is methyl7 ( ( 1R , 2R , 3R)-3 - hydroxy -2-((S , E)-4 - hydroxy-4 - methylocto-1 - enyl)-5 - oxocyclopentyl ) heptanoate . Some of the trade names are misodel , cytotec , etc . permit us understand the effect of Misoprostol to understand how the drug can cause Moebius syndrome .
Medical Uses and Side Effects of Misoprostol . Misoprostol is used for many purposes . It is used to treat patients with stomach ulcers ( individuals who take NSAID are more prostrate to get stomach ulcers ) , slim down diarrhea , abortion , to begin lying-in . The side personal effects of misoprostol let in dehydration , cut frequency of micturition , mood swings , lightheadedness , weakness , irregular heartbeat , etc .
impression of Misoprostol on Pregnant Woman and her kid by Causing Moebius Syndrome . If this medication is get hold of by a pregnant womanhood to terminate pregnancy in combination with mifepristone , she has to be very careful and should be under keen supervision by the doctor . During maternity , misoprostol should never be taken for stomach ulcer . In compositor’s case if it is taken , it may moderate to abortion . Misoprostol cause contraction of womb leading to bleeding . This can have disruption in profligate provision to the placenta . It gradually leads to hypoxia , hypoperfusion and provision of atomic number 8 to the foetus is cut off in the end induce abortion . In font if the child survives , the unborn baby would be at risk of getting inborn diseases including Moebius syndrome . Even records are available for the mien of misoprostol in breast Milk River but are not find to cause any harm to the babe .
Thalidomide and Moebius Syndrome.
Thalidomide also recognise as α – ( N - phthalimido ) glutarimide is a piperidinyl isoindole , also a differential of glutamic acid . Molecular convention of thalidomide is C13H10N2O4 and its molecular weight is 258.233 g / mol . The world-wide properties of this drug are – it acts as antiangiogenic , immunomodulatory , anti - inflammatory and also has teratogenic property . Here are the ways in which this drug can make Moebius syndrome .
Medical Uses of Thalidomide . It is a depressant and hence cerebrate to help in status like anxiety , tensity , insomnia and also gastritis . Thalidomide is used to address many diseases like Hansen ’s disease . It go in multiple myeloma , a variety of cancer by check the supply of parentage to the tumour . Sometimes , it is used to quash brainiac inflammation by the doctors if they find corticoid are insufficient .
Side core of Thalidomide . There are some inauspicious result of thalidomide too . Sometimes , thalidomide move as a roadblock for the geological formation of new blood mobile phone cause lymphopenia , neutropenia and also leucopenia . It is found to increase bleeding because of the organisation of thrombopenia . Problems with spirit , hypertension , decreased profligate supply to the brain , bradycardia , liver harm , numbness , tremor , stultification , dizziness , peripheral edema , tingle , severe permanent nerve damage , etc . , are also listed as the adverse effects of thalidomide drug .
effect of Usage of Thalidomide on Pregnant Women and the Fetus . As mentioned earlier , it induce teratogenesis in the fetus . Hence , it must be purely avoided by the pregnant women . innate diseases like Moebius syndrome is reported in the child of a mother who was exposed to thalidomide during her former stages of gestation . The way it step in the growing of embryo can be well explained . There are many refutation mechanisms in the embryo which let in bar of entry of toxic substances and/or removing the same from the embryonic cells . This is done by efflux deportation system which involves ATP binding Cassette proteins . These protein recognise the toxin and chemicals , bind to them and remove them . Thalidomide on the other hand escapes from recognition by these proteins and would be within the jail cell . Reactive Oxygen Species dependent indicate pathway are disturbed due to oxidative stress triggered by thalidomide . These pathways are responsible for growth of limb bud . From phonograph recording , it can be stated that multiple dead body systems were also affect by thalidomide . It also increases the chances of miscarriage . Records also give us information that if the tiddler is live even after the expecting mother is bring out to thalidomide , the child would be severely handicap . Though there are no effective evidences of presence of thalidomide in titty Milk River , breast eating during the usage of this drug is also avoided .
Is There a Cure for Moebius Syndrome?
Unfortunately , there is no curative for Moebius syndrome . The treatment provided is supportive and symptomatic direction . To maintain the nutrition storey and to foreclose nutritional deficiency , a child might have to be feed through feeding metro . Surgeries can help to chasten crossed eye and to correct branch and jaw malformation . strong-arm therapy and actor’s line therapy is needed to better motor acquirement as well as coordination and to promote voice communication and eat abilities . brass and muscle transportation to the mouth corners can help the child in smiling . shaping reconstructive surgical operation again can be beneficial for some individuals . The most important part if the prevention of this condition , as it is lie with that sure drugs can cause Moebius syndrome .
Conclusion
Though the cause of Moebius syndrome are many , teratogenicity because of custom of many drugs during other menstruation of maternity is also one of the major crusade . Most of the symptom of Moebius syndrome related to face such as fasciculation of spit , lacking facial reflexion , nerve palsies are concerned with the problems of Cranial heart XI and XII . Drugs such as cocaine , misoprostol , ergot derivatives and thalidomide are the major teratogenic drug causing congenital disease including Moebius syndrome . The contrary effects of the above mentioned drug on fetus when used by the mother during pregnancy let in moebius syndrome are mostly irreversible and permanent . Attempts are being made to do by the symptom and thus helping to manage the disease .
